Depression (Major Depressive Disorder)

Depression is a common but serious mood disorder that affects how a person feels, thinks, and functions. It can lead to persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. These symptoms interfere with daily life—at home, at work, and in relationships.

While it’s normal to feel down at times, depression is different. For those experiencing depression, symptoms are:

More intense than typical sadness or grief
Long-lasting—typically for two weeks or more
Disruptive to everyday functioning

Signs & Symptoms

Depression symptoms vary by individual, but they generally fall into emotional, cognitive, and physical categories. To receive a diagnosis, symptoms must occur most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks.

Physical & Behavioral Symptoms

Changes in appetite—overeating or undereating
Noticeable weight loss or gain
Sleep disturbances—insomnia or excessive sleeping
Slowed movements or restlessness
Unexplained aches, pains, or chronic fatigue
Withdrawing from loved ones or responsibilities

Emotional & Cognitive Symptoms

Persistent sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness
Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies, relationships, or social events
Feelings of worthlessness, guilt, or shame without clear cause
Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions
Feeling overwhelmed, easily discouraged, or mentally fatigued
Thoughts of death or suicide

Depression Diagnosis & Risk Factors

Diagnosis

A licensed clinician—such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or clinical social worker—makes a depression diagnosis based on:

Clinical interviews
Symptom history
Standardized assessment tools

Diagnosis requires that symptoms cause significant distress or impairment in daily functioning.

Common Risk Factors

Family history of depression or mood disorders
Major life transitions, trauma, or chronic stress
Ongoing medical issues (e.g., chronic pain, diabetes, heart disease)
Hormonal changes (e.g., postpartum, menopause, thyroid imbalances)
Substance use disorders
History of anxiety, PTSD, or other mental health condition

Treatment Options

Depression is treatable, and many people recover with the right support. A comprehensive treatment plan often includes a combination of therapy, medication, and lifestyle interventions.

Psychotherapy

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Identifies and reshapes negative thought patterns
Interpersonal Therapy (IPT): Focuses on improving communication and relationship dynamics
Mindfulness-Based Therapy: Encourages self-awareness and emotional regulation
Trauma-Informed Therapy: Helps address past trauma contributing to current symptoms

Medication

Antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs): Adjust brain chemicals like serotonin and norepinephrine
Atypical Antidepressants / Mood Stabilizers: Used when traditional options aren't effective
Ongoing Monitoring: Effects may take several weeks—collaboration with a prescribing provider is essential

Holistic & Lifestyle Approaches

Exercise & Movement: Enhances mood and energy
Nutrition: Diets rich in omega-3s, vitamins, and fiber support brain health
Sleep Hygiene: Consistent sleep routines can stabilize mood
Supplements (with medical guidance): B12, D, magnesium may help in some cases
Complementary Therapies: Acupuncture, massage, and yoga can ease physical tension and promote emotional balance

Remember: You’re not alone. With the right care, support, and treatment, healing from depression is possible.